 |
Nutrient Composition of Whole
Vertebrate Prey
(excluding fish)
Prepared By: Ellen S.
Dierenfeld, PhD, Heather L. Alcorn, BS, and Krista L.
Jacobsen, MS - 2002.
|
Table 1. Proximate composition and
energy content of whole prey on a dry matter (DM) basis.
Values expressed as weighted means or as raw data when "n"
was not stated. |
| |
Prey species |
n |
DM
% |
Crude Protein
% |
CrudeFat
% |
Ash
%
|
Gross
energy
kcal/g |
Notes |
|
 |
Calf, Holstein
Bos taurus |
72 |
22.5 |
60.0 |
8.9 |
16.0 |
4.08 |
Fetal age, 190-270 days |
Deer,
white-tailed
Odocoileus virginianus |
|
22.3 |
80.7 |
6.3 |
17.9 |
4.62 |
Neonatal |
Deer, white-tailed
Odocoileus virginianus |
22 |
36.9 |
57.0 |
24.5 |
13.8 |
5.63 |
Juvenile, ingesta-free |
Deer,
white-tailed
Odocoileus virginianus |
6 |
41.1 |
47.4 |
41.4 |
11.4 |
6.34 |
Adults, ingesta-free |
Guinea pig
Cavia porcellus |
|
29.1 |
51.2 |
34.7 |
14.1 |
5.95 |
Neonatal males |
Guinea
pig
Cavia porcellus |
6 |
31.3 |
51.4 |
46.1 |
9.2 |
6.99ª |
Males, 10 week |
Hamster
Mesocricetus auratus |
6 |
30.3 |
49.8 |
34.7 |
7.5 |
5.98 |
Juvenile |
Hare,
snowshoe
Lepus americanus |
|
28.0 |
73.0 |
2.9 |
17.5 |
4.66 |
|
|
Mink |
|
18.0 |
72.8 |
11.7 |
10.0 |
5.39 |
Neonatal |
Mouse,
domestic
Mus domesticus |
287 |
19.1 |
64.2 |
17.0 |
9.7 |
4.87ª |
Neonatal, <3 g |
Mouse, domestic
Mus domesticus |
292 |
18.2 |
44.2 |
30.1 |
8.5 |
6.65ª |
Juvenile, 3-10 g |
Mouse,
domestic
Mus domesticus |
108 |
32.7 |
55.8 |
23.6 |
11.8 |
5.25ª |
Adult or >10 g |
Mouse, jumping
Napaeozapus insignis |
|
29.7 |
62.9 |
18.7 |
12.9 |
5.50 |
|
Mouse,
old-field
Peromyscus polionotus |
44 |
17.4 |
70.3 |
8.6 |
11.3 |
4.60ª |
Neonatal |
Mouse, old-field
Peromyscus polionotus |
171 |
29.8 |
54.6 |
21.9 |
10.7 |
5.29ª |
Juvenile |
Mouse,
white-footed
Peromyscus leucopus |
|
34.1 |
59.7 |
19.9 |
12.9 |
5.51 |
|
|
Pig, domestic |
32 |
28.9 |
50.7 |
33.2 |
11.9 |
5.78 |
Juvenile |
Rabbit,
black-tailed jack
Lepus californicus |
3 |
27.0 |
74.4 |
4.5 |
15.0 |
4.54 |
Dressed carcass |
Rabbit, domestic
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
|
15.4 |
72.1 |
13.0 |
14.9 |
5.06 |
Neonatal |
Rabbit,
domestic
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
2 |
26.2 |
65.2 |
15.8 |
3.4 |
5.30 |
Dressed carcass |
Rabbit, domestic
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
1 |
28.1 |
63.5 |
15.3 |
9.4 |
5.41 |
|
Rabbit,
domestic
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
1 |
33.5 |
71.2 |
14.6 |
11.1 |
5.22 |
Eviscerated, incl. hide |
Rabbit, domestic
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
2 |
31.3 |
63.2 |
20.0 |
16.0 |
5.25ª |
Eviscerated, incl. hide |
Rabbit,
domestic
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
6 |
28.4 |
61.8 |
22.6 |
12.8 |
5.42ª |
Meat incl. heart, lungs, kidneys |
Rat
Rattus norvegicus |
5 |
20.8 |
57.9 |
23.7 |
12.2 |
5.30ª |
Neonatal, <10 g |
Rat
Rattus norvegicus |
5 |
30.0 |
56.1 |
27.5 |
14.8 |
5.55ª |
Juvenile, 10-50 g |
Rat
Rattus norvegicus |
51 |
33.9 |
61.8 |
32.6 |
9.8 |
6.37ª |
Adult or >50 g |
Squirrel,
fox
Sciurus niger |
|
17.6 |
55.7 |
NAb |
NA |
4.89 |
Neonatal |
Squirrel, gray
Sciurus carolinensis |
|
33.3 |
62.4 |
18.4 |
11.6 |
5.54 |
|
Vole,
bank
Clethrionomys glareolus |
|
15.5 |
63.2 |
24.5 |
10.3 |
5.68 |
Neonatal |
Vole, common
Microtus arralis |
|
16.5 |
64.2 |
16.4 |
12.7 |
4.97 |
Neonatal |
Vole,
meadow & red-backed
Clethrionomys gapperi |
|
32.0 |
62.5 |
15.5 |
13.5 |
5.34 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
Chicken
Gallus gallus |
66 |
25.6 |
64.9 |
22.4 |
6.4 |
5.80 |
One-day-old |
Chicken
Gallus gallus |
16 |
32.5 |
42.3 |
37.8 |
9.4 |
5.90ª |
Adult |
Duck, mallard
Anas platyrhynchos |
3 |
33.1 |
63.1 |
26.4 |
9.5 |
5.92 |
Dressed carcass |
Quail,
Japanese
Coturnix coturnix |
18 |
34.6 |
71.5 |
31.9 |
9.9c |
6.79ª |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
Frog, Cuban tree
Osteopilus septentrionalis |
19 |
26.6 |
NA |
4.8 |
NA |
|
|
Frog,
green
Rana clamitans |
7 |
22.5 |
71.2 |
10.2 |
NA |
4.80ª |
|
Gecko, fox
Hemidactylus garnoti |
5 |
25.3 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
|
Lizard
Coleonyx variegatus |
151 |
28.8 |
NA |
NA |
15.9 |
5.50d |
Nineteen species |
Lizard, anolis
Anolis carolinensis |
13 |
29.4 |
67.4 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Adult |
Lizard,
bearded dragon
Pogona vitteceps |
17 |
17.9 |
63.6 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Various ages |
Snake
Chilomeniscus cinctus |
4 |
28.0 |
NA |
NA |
17.0 |
6.51d |
Four species |
Tadpole,
bullfrog
Rana catesbeinana |
1 |
12.4 |
NA |
16.4 |
44.0 |
NAb |
Young |
Tadpole, bullfrog
Rana catesbeinana |
1 |
17.6 |
34.4 |
31.4 |
19.9 |
4.73ª |
Mature |
Tadpole
Peltophryne lemur |
3 |
6.9 |
23.3 |
21.3 |
22.7 |
4.59 |
Puerto Rican crested toad |
Toad, southern
Bufo terrestris |
1 |
26.4 |
61.8 |
13.7 |
NA |
4.61ª |
Juvenile |
Toad,
southern
Bufo terrestris |
4 |
28.2 |
61.0 |
14.0 |
NA |
4.25ª |
Adult |
Dressed
carcass = eviscerated whole body with head, feet, and
skin removed.
ª Calculated by
adding the product of % crude protein x 5.43 kcal/g to
the product of % crude fat x 9.11 kcal/g.29
b Not analyzed.
c Fat-free
basis.
d Ash-free basis. |
|
Table 2. Vitamin A and E content of
whole prey on a dry matter (DM) basis. Values expressed
as weighted means or as raw data when "n"
was not stated. |
| |
Prey
species |
n |
Vitamin A
IU/kg |
Vitamin E
IU/kg |
Notes |
|
|
Guinea pig (Cavia
porcellus) |
6 |
16,506 |
24.2 |
Males, 10 week |
| Hamster (Mesocricetus
auratus) |
2 |
26,666 |
12.4 |
|
|
Mouse, domestic (Mus
domesticus) |
6 |
35,533 |
52.7 |
Neonatal, <3 g |
| Mouse,
domestic (Mus domesticus) |
17 |
30,888 |
173.9 |
Juvenile, 3-10
g |
|
Mouse, domestic (Mus
domesticus) |
24 |
578,272 |
100.4 |
Adult or >10 g |
| Prairie
dog, black-tailed (Cynomys
ludovicianus) |
|
30,830 |
82.6 |
Mean of range
|
|
Prairie dog, white-tailed
(Cynomys leucurus) |
|
16,000 |
88.5 |
Mean of range |
| Rabbit,
domestic (Oryctolagus cuniculus) |
2 |
6,200 |
NAª |
|
|
Rabbit, domestic (Oryctolagus
cuniculus) |
2 |
NAª |
60.0 |
Eviscerated carcass |
| Rabbit,
domestic (Oryctolagus cuniculus) |
6 |
NA |
16.2 |
Meat incl.
heart,lungs,
kidneys |
|
Rat (Rattus
norvegicus) |
5 |
21,333 |
470.4 |
Neonatal, <10 g |
| Rat (Rattus
norvegicus) |
24 |
151,389 |
139.2 |
Adult or >50g |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chicken (Gallus
gallus) |
6 |
35,600 |
51.3 |
Males |
| Quail,
Japanese (Coturnix coturnix) |
18 |
70,294 |
66.8 |
Diet effects |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Frog, green (Rana
clamitans) |
7 |
25,110 |
82.2 |
|
| Lizard,
anolis (Anolis carolinensis) |
19 |
4,880 |
44.8 |
Adult |
|
Lizard, bearded dragon (Pogona
vitteceps) |
15 |
38,562 |
95.5 |
Various ages |
| Tadpole,
bullfrog (Rana catesbeinana) |
1 |
NA |
21.6 |
Young |
|
Tadpole, bullfrog (Rana
catesbeinana) |
1 |
NA |
18.0 |
Mature |
| Tadpole (Peltophryne
lemur) |
3 |
8,727 |
62.3 |
Puerto Rican
crested toad |
|
Toad, southern (Bufo
terrestris) |
1 |
15,940 |
231.8 |
Juvenile |
| Toad,
southern (Bufo terrestris) |
4 |
38,261 |
369.0 |
Adult |
ª
Not analyzed
NOTE: Vitamin E deficiency, adversely impacting
reproduction and health, has been documented in raptors
that were being fed a diet consisting only of whole
quail. To provide adequate levels of vitamin E to
the secondary consumer it is necessary to feed the prey
quail approximately 200IU vitamin E per kg. dietary dm. |
|
Table 3. Mineral content of whole
prey on a dry matter (DM) basis. Values expressed as
weighted means or as raw data when "n" was
not stated. |
| |
Prey Species |
n |
Ca
% |
P
% |
Mg
% |
Na
% |
K
% |
Cu
mg/kg |
Fe
mg/kg |
Zn
mg/kg |
Mn
mg/kg |
Notes |
|
|
Calf, Holsteinª
Bos taurus |
72 |
4.12 |
2.88 |
0.12 |
0.97 |
0.86 |
1.8 |
37.8 |
16.3 |
0.3 |
Fetal age 190-270 days |
Deer, white-tailed
Odocoileus virginianus |
6 |
4.82 |
2.49 |
0.12 |
0.20 |
0.54 |
5.0 |
81.1 |
65.6 |
NAb |
Juvenile, ingesta-free |
Deer, white-tailed
Odocoileus virginianus |
|
3.09 |
2.26 |
0.19 |
0.39 |
0.95 |
26.1 |
164.5 |
68.4 |
28.5 |
Adult, ingesta-free |
Guinea pig
Cavia
porcellus |
6 |
3.02 |
NA |
0.07 |
NA |
NA |
5.6 |
56.4 |
46.4 |
6.6 |
Males, 10 week |
Hamster
Mesocricetus
auratus |
6 |
2.51 |
2.03 |
0.12 |
0.46 |
0.88 |
12.0 |
237.0 |
94.0 |
45.0 |
Juvenile |
|
Mouse, cotton |
|
4.05 |
1.67 |
0.12 |
0.24 |
NA |
NA |
200.0 |
98.0 |
NA |
|
Mouse, domestic
Mus
domesticus |
5 |
1.17 |
NA |
0.11 |
NA |
NA |
19.2 |
181.3 |
82.5 |
0.2 |
Neonatal, <3 g |
Mouse, domestic
Mus
domesticus |
5 |
1.47 |
NA |
0.09 |
NA |
NA |
13.4 |
153.6 |
75.4 |
13.1 |
Juvenile, 3-10 g |
Mouse, domestic
Mus
domesticus |
78 |
2.98 |
1.72 |
0.16 |
NA |
NA |
6.7 |
137.9 |
67.5 |
7.7 |
Adult or >10 g |
|
Mouse, golden |
|
3.74 |
1.92 |
0.14 |
0.36 |
NA |
NA |
240.0 |
110.0 |
NA |
|
Mouse, old-field
Peromyscus polionotus |
|
1.60 |
1.86 |
0.06 |
0.43 |
1.20 |
NA |
208.5 |
125.0 |
10.6 |
Mean of range |
Prairie dog, black-tailed
Cynomys
ludovicianus |
|
1.54 |
1.14 |
0.07 |
0.26 |
0.47 |
5.0 |
215.0 |
75.0 |
3.5 |
|
Rabbit, domestic
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
2 |
5.93 |
3.43 |
0.18 |
0.26 |
0.72 |
4.6 |
100.0 |
84.0 |
2.4 |
|
Rabbit, domestic
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
1 |
1.85 |
1.36 |
0.12 |
0.44 |
0.87 |
3.0 |
100.0 |
76.0 |
3.0 |
Eviscerated |
Rabbit, domestic
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
3 |
2.25 |
1.72 |
0.19 |
NAª |
NA |
22.2 |
127.0 |
73.0 |
2.4 |
Eviscerated |
Rabbit, domestic
Oryctolagus cuniculus |
2 |
0.64 |
0.53 |
0.15 |
NA |
NA |
41.0 |
90.4 |
55.4 |
1.2 |
Whole, incl. GIT |
Rat
Rattus
norvegicus |
5 |
1.85 |
NA |
0.14 |
NA |
NA |
60.6 |
275.8 |
113.6 |
6.2 |
Neonatal, <10 g |
Rat
Rattus
norvegicus |
10 |
2.07 |
NA |
0.12 |
NA |
NA |
11.3 |
133.2 |
81.9 |
2.6 |
Juvenile, 10-50 g |
Rat
Rattus
norvegicus |
49 |
2.62 |
1.48 |
0.08 |
NA |
NA |
6.3 |
148.0 |
62.1 |
11.0 |
Adult or >50 g |
Shrew, short-tail
Blarina brevicauda |
|
3.44 |
1.72 |
0.14 |
0.42 |
NA |
NA |
500.0 |
120.0 |
NA |
|
Squirrel, fox
Sciurus niger |
|
2.56 |
1.30 |
0.13 |
0.84 |
1.07 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Mean of range |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chicken
Gallus
gallus |
66 |
1.69 |
1.22 |
0.05 |
0.71 |
0.80 |
5.2 |
119.5 |
97.4 |
3.9 |
One-day-old |
Chicken
Gallus
gallus |
16 |
2.22 |
1.40 |
0.50 |
NA |
NA |
3.6 |
122.2 |
116.1 |
10.1 |
Adult |
Goldcrest
Regulus regulus |
|
2.84 |
1.88 |
0.11 |
0.40 |
0.58 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Pipit, meadow
Anthus pratensis |
|
2.04 |
1.65 |
0.13 |
0.83 |
1.28 |
NA |
400.0 |
107.0 |
13.5 |
Mean of range |
Quail, Japanese
Coturnix coturnix |
18 |
3.43 |
NA |
0.06 |
NA |
NA |
2.6 |
74.9 |
53.0 |
6.4 |
|
Rook
Corvus frugilegus |
|
2.04 |
1.75 |
0.09 |
0.45 |
0.94 |
11.0 |
475.0 |
96.5 |
31.0 |
Mean of range |
Tit, blue
Parus spp. |
|
3.28 |
2.04 |
0.10 |
0.37 |
0.58 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Tit, coal
Parus spp. |
|
3.31 |
2.08 |
0.11 |
0.39 |
0.63 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Frog, Cuban tree
Osteopilus septentrionalis |
19 |
4.79 |
2.57 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Frog, green
Rana
clamitans |
7 |
4.29 |
1.87 |
2.47 |
0.55 |
NA |
11.2 |
102.6 |
100.3 |
11.5 |
|
Gecko, fox
Hemidactylus garnoti |
5 |
5.22 |
2.18 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
Lizard, anolis
Anolis carolinensis |
13 |
5.54 |
2.88 |
0.15 |
0.33 |
0.73 |
5.0 |
127.8 |
142.5 |
4.0 |
Adult |
Lizard, bearded dragon
Pogona vitteceps |
18 |
3.53 |
2.35 |
0.16 |
0.66 |
1.12 |
8.9 |
276.4 |
133.3 |
9.3 |
Various ages |
Tadpole, bullfrog
Rana
catesbeinana |
|
2.60 |
NA |
0.68 |
NA |
0.18 |
3.3 |
NA |
19.3 |
59.0 |
|
Tadpole
Peltophryne
lemur |
3 |
7.67 |
1.67 |
0.15 |
0.73 |
0.88 |
46.7 |
610.2 |
278.8 |
58.4 |
Puerto Rican crested toad |
Toad, southern
Bufo terrestris |
1 |
5.16 |
2.68 |
0.07 |
0.36 |
NA |
127.0 |
294.7 |
471.6 |
11.1 |
Juvenile |
Toad, southern
Bufo terrestris |
4 |
2.94 |
1.79 |
0.06 |
0.36 |
NA |
117.4 |
286.0 |
662.9 |
4.7 |
Adult |
ª
All mineral values for
this prey species were calculated from equation given in
reference.
b Not analyzed.
Key to minerals:
| Ca
- calcium |
Na
- sodium |
Fe
- iron |
| P
- phosphorus |
K
- potassium |
Zn
- zinc |
| Mg
- magnesium |
Cu
- copper |
Mn
- manganese |
|
|
